NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR SEARCH AND RESCUE, INC. (NASAR)

SEARCH AND RESCUE DOG (Canine) / HANDLER

PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION GUIDELINES

SECTION I. General

A. Purpose

The National Association for Search and Rescue, Inc. (NASAR), Search and Rescue Dog (Canine)/Handler Performance Expectations are developed:

1. To provide user agencies and SAR Managers with recommended performance expectations for both the SAR Dog and the Handler at a search scene

2. To provide newly forming units with benchmarks to develop their own unit standards and to provide expectations and requirements for what it takes to contribute successfully to searching for a missing person

3. To provide existing units with guidelines to enhance existing standards and to a baseline to adapt those standards for regional issues such as climate or search type.

B. Background

In 1996, there were over 200 known SAR Dog Organizations or Units in the United States. These units have operating standards and testing procedures in place to qualify dog and handler crews for use in search efforts. These expectations include area search, scent discrimination, underwater detection, avalanche and other types appropriate to the needs of the SAR Dog Unit and the communities they serve. Historically, as the units grew in number, newly formed units often copied standards from existing units and patterned their organizations, with their own local modifications, after more experienced units.

Expanded national awareness of SAR Dog capabilities began when volunteer SAR Dog Crews response to catastrophic events attracted media coverage and the attention of federal authorities, beginning with the Mexico City earthquakes in 1985. As new SAR Dog capabilities were identified, local agencies realized the benefit of applying those capabilities to SAR incidents. While catastrophic events such as Hurricane Andrew, the Loma Prieta earthquake, and the Oklahoma City bombing received national attention, they only make up a small fraction of local search activities. Regardless of the reason, the increased interest has prompted an expanded number of calls to NASAR asking about capabilities and recommended performance standards for new SAR Dog Crews. Agencies who use SAR Dog Crews, often request information on the capabilities and performance expectations of those crews.

Several years ago, NASAR began two research projects. The first, was to identify commonalties among the various responding SAR Dog/Handler Organization standards, and the second was to identify the performance expectations user agencies have of SAR Dog/Handler Organizations they may choose to work with. The review of existing standards deliberately did not address disaster response standards because national standards and testing procedures recognized by FEMA already exist.

The report is based on a number of assumptions. The first and most significant of these is that each existing SAR Dog Unit already had in place a governing set of standards and testing procedures for the types of searches and terrain they work in, and NASAR looked to identify common features among the requirements of all the organizations. The second assumption of this report was that by making it available to units and agencies, NASAR would help strengthen existing organizations, enlighten newcomers, empower the users and provide a mechanism for dialogue, training, and assessment among the SAR Dog Units, groups they work with, and the agencies who request their assistance. It is recommended that this can all be done at the local level where it is most effective. The user agency must become familiar with the capabilities of the groups called upon in an emergency. The agency must get to know, train with, and understand the capabilities of its resources. This document provides agencies a mechanism to become involved with the SAR Dog/Handler Units within their jurisdiction. It also provides the SAR Dog/Handler Unit and the user agency with a set of performance expectations and methods for evaluation, which can be modified locally to fit the needs of the community, which will be served.

Sections II and III of the document provide an overview of general performance expectations for SAR Dog/Handler Units. Section IV takes those broad capabilities and divides them into specific skills needed by SAR Dog/Handler Crews and/or Units to work effectively at a search scene. The Appendices provide specific examples of known testing procedures, evaluation forms, and a suggested reading list.

SECTION II. Agency Expectations

This section provides user agencies with the capabilities that should be expected from SAR Dog/Handler Crews and Units. Agencies are encouraged to identify local SAR Dog/Handler Units and develop a working relationship. Individuals not affiliated with a SAR Dog Unit should be scrutinized carefully.

A. Definitions

• Air Scent Dog/Area Search Dog - This canine is used to search a specific area. It is not expected that an area search dog will require a scent article prior to searching, but one may be used at the discretion of the handler. The air scent or area search dog should generally work off lead and search for clues such as human scent in an area. The canine should have a distinct alert readable by the handler. The canine should do a refind, or provide other means of signaling the handler, until the handler and lost subject are together.

• Alert - Behavior of the canine when it identifies the subject's scent. This behavior is recognizable by the handler and is considered a clue.

• Bark Alert - The canine remains at the found subject's location and barks until the handler or other searchers come to that location.

• Crew - For the purpose of this document, a crew is defined as one dog and one handler who normally train and work together.

• Handler - The human part of the crew. This person is responsible for the canine at all times.

• Indirect find - This is a broad area of searching which begins with air-scent training and includes any search that ends where the canine cannot physically touch the person they have found. This does not include the scent discriminating canine that follows a trail.

• Refind - This is a method employed by the area search dog after it has found the subject. After finding the lost subject, the canine returns to the handler and leads him/her back to the lost subject.

• Tracking/Trailing Dog - This type of canine is generally used to identify a particular subject's scent. This canine, generally working on lead, requires a scent article from the lost subject to begin searching. The canine should follow the scent trail until it identifies the lost subject.

• Unit - A group of SAR Dog/Handler Crews which normally train and work together. Support personnel who are non-canine handlers may be included.

B. Governing Documents

Before a SAR Dog Unit can be effective, it must have in place operational procedures that govern all phases of its organization. The members of a unit and its governing rules must be dedicated to finding the lost subject. All documents should be readily available for any user agency review. All SAR Dog Units should create and adhere to the following:

• A Code of Ethics or Code of Conduct for members.

• A performance standard for the type of canine to be used and a performance standard for the handler which includes physical fitness, search management, land navigation, communication, survival, and first aid expectations. Any performance standard must include specifics for initial qualification and subsequent re-qualification by both the handler and the canine.

• A search response policy that identifies resources that should respond to searches and the circumstances under which they should respond.

• A commitment policy which states that the unit will commit resources to a search for at least three days. The SAR Dog Unit leader should coordinate staffing to maintain the number of crews requested by the Incident Commander.

• A policy on confidentiality which defines who is authorized to speak on behalf of the unit. The policy should include a statement acknowledging that any search may be considered a crime scene and should be treated as such.

• A procedure for effective record keeping by the unit and each individual handler.

• A procedure for regular evaluation and re-evaluation of crews.

• A policy and procedure for dismissal of a canine and/or handler from the Unit.

• A Uniform Policy for the handler and canine.

• Other policies and procedures as appropriate.

C. Performance - General

1. Handler

A handler designated as an operational or mission ready member of the unit is cooperative and professional. He has met the qualifications of the organization to be assigned search responsibilities and is able to control the canine at all times. The handler should not participate in any search independent of the designated search management agency.

2. Canine

The canine must be friendly with people and capable of being worked off lead (unless being used as a trailing dog). The canine is expected to be sufficiently obedience trained, to be under the handler's control at all times, and capable of being controlled by others, if necessary.

D. Adaptability

Responding SAR Dog Crews should be able to search under all weather conditions, and shall be able to search during the night as well as during the day. The dog crews should be able to work regardless of distracting conditions such as dust, noise, crowds, machinery, and the presence of other animals or humans.

C. Portability

The SAR Dog Crews should be able to travel by boat, aircraft, and a variety of ground vehicles. Training should include all transportation vehicles likely to be used by the unit. Special training should be provided for operations in and around helicopters.

D. Equipment

The SAR Dog Crews should be equipped and clothed in a manner consistent with the search terrain and weather conditions. Except for very specialized equipment, the handler provides his own necessary gear to support himself and his canine for the duration of his assignment at the search. See Equipment List for NASAR SAR Technician II.

E. Communication

The SAR Dog Unit should be licensed and equipped to use a portable communications network, if possible. The frequencies used should most likely include 155.160 MHz. The use of 155.160 MHz is encouraged so multiple units can work together.

All personnel in the unit should be trained on proper communication protocol for their own use and for working with other agencies. Proper protocol and etiquette should be practiced during training and carried over into actual missions.

SECTION III. Performance Expectations - General

A. Handler

Prior to being rated as an operational, the SAR Dog Handler should meet the following criteria:

1. The handler should successfully meet NASAR's SAR Tech II qualifications.

2. Attitude

• The handler must be able to recognize when the crew is not working efficiently and report that condition to his supervisor.

• The handler is a professional, whether paid or volunteer, and should act accordingly.

• It is the handler's responsibility to control their canine and provide for its care and safety at all times. If any behavior problems arise, it is the handler's responsibility to resolve the problem.

• The handler should be able to interact and work effectively with other SAR resources.

• Handlers should be cooperative with other members of their unit and willingly assist in training others as well as themselves.

3. Physical Condition

• The handler must be in good physical condition and should be able to complete an assigned task. The handler should be able to work a SAR Dog in moderate terrain for a minimum of 8 hours for three consecutive days.

4. Communication / Record Keeping

• The handler should be familiar with two-way radio protocol and local requirements.

• The handler should maintain a regular training log, which includes any training attended by the handler. This log should include date, time, location, and type of training. If the particular training is with the canine, the log must also include the type of terrain and ground cover, time of day, temperature, type and duration of problem, how the canine worked, successes, challenges, areas for improvement, and other information deemed appropriate. This log should be maintained neatly and made available for any evaluator or user agency upon their request.

5. Medical Skills

• The handler should successfully complete a DOT First Responder to Medical Emergency course and understand basic canine first aid.

6. Navigation

• The handler should be able to use a map and compass to navigate during the day or night, and identify and document the course taken during his search.

• The handler should be able to read topographic maps and relate the actual terrain to the map.

• The handler should be able to report to the command post, their location and the location of clues in terms of map coordinates.

• At the end of their operation period, the handler should be willing and prepared to be debriefed by the search Planning Section. The handler should be able to translate their search activity onto an incident operational map, including route taken, areas left uncovered, alerts, clues, wind direction, and probability of detection.

7. Survivability

• The handler is responsible for the care of himself, his canine, and the subject when found.

• The handler should have a search pack capable of sustaining himself and his canine for a 24-hour period.

8. Search Management

• It is recommended, but not required that the handler successfully complete courses such as the NASAR Managing the Lost Person Incident.

9. Search Effectiveness

• The handler should understand and be able to appropriately discuss lost person behavior.

• The handler should be able to identify via radio, the location of the lost subject when found. He then should assess the physical condition of the lost subject and request any necessary aid.

• If appropriate, the handler should be able to identify and protect the crime scene when a clue or the lost subject is found.

• In an area search situation, the handler should be able to cover the area assigned and then be able to determine the probability of detection for his search segment.

• The handler should be able to describe how his canine behaves when a subject is located, especially in the case of indirect finds.

• The handler should be able to describe how his canine alerts in a variety of circumstances.

• The handler should be able to recognize when either member of the crew is not working efficiently and report that condition to his supervisor.

B. Canine

1. Personality

• All canines identified and used as SAR Dogs should be non-aggressive to people and other animals and should be controllable by their handlers. They should successfully complete the AKC Canine Good Citizen Evaluation or equivalent and the handler should possess written proof of this accomplishment.

2. Obedience

• The canine should be friendly with people and capable of being worked off lead. However, canines generally worked on lead as tracking/trailing dogs need not meet this expectation.

• The canine is expected to be sufficiently obedience trained, to be under the handler's control at all times, and capable of being controlled by others, if necessary.

• The canine should respond instantly and eagerly to voice commands and hand signals while in the presence of other canines and people, and while under the duress of unusual noises and situations.

3. Physical Condition

• The canine should be in good physical condition and have all current vaccinations.

• The canine should be capable of working with the handler in moderate terrain, a minimum of 8 hours for three consecutive days.

SECTION IV. Search Applications

A. Area Search - Rural or Wilderness

In addition to the requirements identified in Sections II and III, the crew/unit should be able to meet the following expectations for the specific types of search applications identified:

1. Handler Expectations

• The handler understands search strategy and how best to utilize the canine in searching an assigned area.

• The handler should identify any clues such as footprints, articles, and/or alerts seen or found.

• The handler should protect a crime scene properly.

• The handler physically should be able to work the required shift(s) as determined by the Incident Commander.

1. Canine Expectations

• The canine should be physically able to work the required shift(s) as determined by the Incident Commander.

• The canine should give a readable alert when locating a lost subject.

• The canine should not miss an obvious scent.

• The canine should be able to search even in difficult to reach areas.

• The canine should approach any person non-aggressively.

3. SAR Dog Crew Expectations

• The SAR Dog Crew should be able to search assigned segments to locate lost subjects. These persons may be alive or dead.

• The SAR Dog Crew should be clue aware and able to locate evidence including cadaver parts.

• Once assigned a segment to search, the handler should be able to identify the most effective way to search it and identify clues.

• The handler should be able to assess the medical condition of the lost subject(s) for evacuation and assist in the evacuation of the lost subject(s) as required. In the event that a search scene is also a crime scene, the handler should protect the scene from any disturbance until appropriate law enforcement personnel arrive. After conducting a search of an assigned segment, the handler should assess the effectiveness of the search.

• In addition to the requirements stated previously, the SAR Dog Crew should pass field evaluations, which occur in their normal geographical area of work and which replicate situations they are likely to encounter. They should be re-evaluated at least every two years.

B. Area Search - Water Search for Submerged Subject

The water SAR Dog Crew is used to detect submerged bodies. In addition to the expectations previously identified, the following criteria should be met:

1. Handler Expectations

• The handler should be able to describe the manner of the canine's alert in a water search.

• The handler should be able to read the canine's alert, and suggest to divers and recovery personnel the areas to search for the cadaver.

• The handler who searches rivers and streams with fast currents should be knowledgeable about river hazards and the necessary safety precautions.

• At all times during training and searching on water, the handler should wear a U.S. Coast Guard approved Type III or V Personal Floatation Device (PFD).

• The handler should complete a hands-on course such as a NASAR Basic Water Rescue Preparedness course which emphasizes the following:

• Water safety

• Self rescue in flat and fast water

• Knowledge of water currents

• The handler should be able to understand and discuss the following:

• Types of water search

• Water search strategies

• How to work with divers

• The handler should be able to demonstrate competence in:

• Swimming in calm water, fast currents and/or waves

• Maneuvering a canoe and rubber boat with and without the canine in the boat

• Measuring air and water temperatures

• Estimating wind force (Beauford Scale)

• Documentation

2. Area Search - Water Search Canine Expectations

In addition to the requirements stated in Sections II, III, and IV A, as appropriate, the water SAR Dog, under the control of the handler, should demonstrate the following:

• The ability to safely get into and out of the types of watercraft used in the search area but at least, a canoe, rubber boat, and power boat. Once in the watercraft, the canine should be at ease, remain in the boat for the duration of the search shift and be under the control of the handler at all times.

• The ability to search from shore, a dock, a watercraft, or while swimming.

• The ability to alert in a consistent and readily identifiable manner easily read by the handler.

• The ability to swim confidently in flat and moving waters.

3. Area Search - Water SAR Dog Crew Expectations

In addition to the requirements stated in Sections II, III, and IV A, and B, as appropriate:

• The SAR Dog Crew should be able to search from a boat or from shore (if appropriate) for one or more drowned victims in areas of water, such as lakes, ponds, quarries, reservoirs, rivers, streams, estuaries, and bays.

• SAR Dog Crews should be comfortable and experienced in searching from various types of boats and in various weather conditions.

• In order to qualify as water SAR Dog Crew, the Crew should pass water search problems in their geographic work area and which replicate problems they encounter in their area. Handlers and canines should be re-evaluated at least every two years.

C. Area Search - (Cadaver or Cadaver Part Detection)

It is recommended that handlers as well as canines used for human cadaver or cadaver part detection meet the expectations identified in Sections II, III, and IV A. It is recognized, however, that some specialized handlers and canines belong to law enforcement units and work only at cadaver detection. Discretion is given to the user agency to identify training and working criteria.

SAR Dog Crews should demonstrate proficiency in the search techniques used to locate human bodies or parts of bodies either above, on, or below the surface.

1. Human Cadaver Parts Detection Crew Expectations.

• The handler and canine should pass a proficiency test and be re-evaluated at least every two years.

D. Area Search - (Snow Avalanche)

In addition to the requirements stated in Sections II, III, IV A, the crew/unit should be able to meet the following criteria:

1. Handler Expectations

• The handler is capable of competent maneuvering on snow by snowshoe or skis.

• The handler understands the characteristics of avalanche types and can determine the highest probability areas for locating subjects.

• The handler should carry significant water for the canine, a probe pole, and a shovel and wear a rescue transceiver.

• The handler should recognize all alerts, even weak alerts, and be able to mark them on a map.

• The handler should understand scent theory and how snow and avalanche conditions affect scent.

• The handler should be able to work at night.

2. Canine Expectations

• The canine is capable of maneuvering through the snow.

• The canine should give readable alerts.

• The canine should be able to continue working to locate other subjects once he has been praised for locating a single subject.

1. Crew Expectations

• Crews should have wilderness/rural search experience before responding to an avalanche event.

• The crew should navigate rapidly and carefully.

• Crew should not be distracted by other people or activities.

• Crews should be physically capable, trained, and equipped to work in cold, snowy environments to locate people buried under snow.

• In order to qualify as an avalanche SAR Dog Crew, a Dog/Handler Crew should pass a problem in their geographic area, which replicates a condition, which may be encountered in their geographic area. Crews should be re-evaluated every two years.

E. Area Search - (Catastrophic Events)

Crews should have wilderness/rural search experience before responding to any catastrophic event and meet the specifications listed in Sections II, III, and IV A

While the specialized FEMA search crews respond upon a Federal Declaration of Disaster, all events are local events. Local crews should be the first responders whether a Federal Declaration of Disaster is declared or not. Therefore, local crews should be trained, equipped, and prepared to respond to catastrophic events in their jurisdiction. NASAR can provide the FEMA Canine Standards for Catastrophic Events as a guideline for training. Regardless of whether crews choose to accept the FEMA qualifications or not, there are some very basic issues units should address if they choose to work in situations such as mudslides, razed buildings, slash piles, rockslides, or collapsed structures.

1. Handler Expectations

• Prior to training for any catastrophic event response, the handler should meet the appropriate qualifications as listed in Sections II, III, and IV A.

• The handler should have appropriate equipment for working in the specific environment as recommended in the FEMA Personal Protective Equipment list.

• The handler understands and should utilize the best search strategy, given the circumstances of the event, to find the most live subjects.
• The handler must be physically capable of working in the circumstances of the event.

2. Canine Expectations

• Prior to training for any catastrophic event response, the canine should meet the appropriate qualifications as listed in Sections II, III, and IV A.
• The canine should have completed agility work and be very comfortable moving and searching over unusual, confining, uneven, and slippery surfaces.
• The canine should be able to be directed and respond quickly to hand signals.
• The canine should work off lead and without any collar or boots.
• The canine should give a readable alert.
• Loud and/or sudden noises, dust, people, or vehicles should not distract the canine.

3. Crew Expectations

• Crews should meet the appropriate qualifications as listed in Sections II, III, and IV A.
• Crews should be able to detect missing persons and indicate both live and dead victims trapped in the aftermath of collapsed buildings, tornadoes, mudslides, earthquakes, and fires.
• The crew should work very well together and should be methodical and thorough.
• In addition to the experience required, the crew should pass a field evaluation problem and be re-evaluated every two years.

F. Search Applications - (Tracking/Trailing)

In addition to the requirements stated in Sections II and III, the crew/unit should be able to meet the following criteria:

1. Handler Expectations.

• Should demonstrate proficiency in collecting and handling scent material.

• If worked on lead, should be physically capable of handling a 25-30 foot lead in rough and varied terrain and handling their canine on trails of 3 to 4 hours duration.

• Should be capable of assisting their canine over or under fences, across streams or breaks in the terrain.

• Should be knowledgeable about and aware of visual clues in the urban and wilderness environments.

• Should be able to recognize when their canine needs a break from trailing especially in hot weather.

• Should be able to describe how their canine behaves when a subject is located.

• Should be able to recognize pool scent and be able to assist their canine out of it if necessary.

2. Canine Expectations

• Should demonstrate the ability to take scent from a variety of scent articles such as wood, metal, soil or any material presented to it by the handler whether it is bagged or in contact with a larger object such as a door handle, window sill, footprint on the trail, or car seat.

• Should be able to find the most recent trail of a subject leaving the area from a contaminated area at least 100 feet in diameter.

• Should demonstrate a willingness to resume trailing after being rested by the handler without being re-scented.

• Should be able to identify the subject it is trailing from a group of not less than three people.

• Should be able to work its way out of pool scent.

• Should be physically capable and motivated to run a trail of 3 to 4 hours duration.

3. Crew Expectations

• The crew should be able to follow a trail to locate and accurately identify the subject. The handler should be able to tell when the canine is no longer working the trail or if the subject has entered a vehicle. Once located, the handler should notify base of the find, accurately identify the location on the map, assess the medical condition of the subject(s) and assist if necessary in removing the subject(s) from the area. The handler should protect any crime scene as appropriate.

• In addition to the requirements stated previously, the canine and handler as a crew should pass field evaluations which occur in their normal geographical area of work and which replicate situations they are likely to encounter and be re-evaluated every two years.

APPENDIX A

OBEDIENCE EXPECTATIONS

The canine should demonstrate the following:

1. Heel on loose leash.

2. Heel off lead with other people and canines as distractions.

3. Stay close to or be responsive to the handler when off lead.

4. A down or sit stay with other canines which may be called from the group.

5. A long down of at least thirty minutes with the handler in sight.

6. Recall from a group of canines or other distraction.

7. Immediate down, sit or stay (handler's choice) on recall from 50 feet away, then complete the recall.

8. Agility on unusual or unsteady surfaces such as slippery wood, loose gravel, or debris.

9. Ability to swim at least 50 feet willingly.

10. Be quiet, friendly and well mannered not aggressive to other canines or people.

11. Obedience on lead with another unit member (not a member of the family).

12. Ability to jump into the back of a truck.

13. Ability to be placed with at least four other canines in the back of an open truck. The handlers move to at least 25 feet away, in sight of the canines while another member causes a loud, distracting noise. Immediately after the noise, the canines should be told to stay and three strangers will approach and pet the canines. The strangers may use pleasant voices. The canine is to show no aggressive behavior. Bloodhound handlers should be permitted to ride in the back of the truck with their canine.

14. Ability to cross streams.

15. Ability to be directed at least 20 feet in a designated direction then be directed to move another 10 feet in a different direction and sit.

NOTE: Bloodhounds need only meet #'s 1,8,10,11,12 and selected portions of 13, and 14.

OBEDIENCE EVALUATION CHECKLIST

Handler Name: Start Date:

Canine Name: Breed:

Requirements Completed Date: Approved By:

Canine Good Citizen Evaluation Complete:

Evaluations Date Results P/F Sign-off by

Heel on Leash _______ __________ _________________

Heel off Leash _______ __________ _________________

Responsive to handler when _______ __________ _________________

off lead

Down/sit with other canines _______ __________ _________________

30 minute down _______ __________ _________________

Recall from group _______ __________ _________________

Immediate down or sit on _______ __________ _________________

recall from a distance

Agility _______ __________ _________________

Swim test _______ __________ _________________

Well mannered _______ __________ _________________

Transport in Truck _______ __________ _________________

Direct the canine _______ __________ _________________

APPENDIX B

AREA SEARCH PROBLEMS - RURAL / WILDERNESS

The following problems represent typical searching scenarios in rural or wilderness situations. In addition to these problems, the handler must meet the qualifications previously identified.

a. Hasty search problem: A path, trail, logging road or the like, not less than 1/2 mile long and not longer than one mile long. The canine must locate the subject within about 30 feet off the trail. The subject must be camouflaged and hidden from view. The handler should be able to describe the alert, recognize the alert and follow the canine to the subject. The handler should assess the subject for injury, accurately place the subject on the map, call the coordinates into the base and recommend any medical assistance required.

b. Night problem: An area of about 40 acres. Handler should evaluate information provided regarding missing subject, determine search strategy, and search the area for the subject. The search should begin at least one hour after dark and the subject should be placed at least 30 minutes prior to the start of the search. The subject should be well-hidden in dark clothing. Handler should direct search activity according to wind, terrain and cover. Handler should identify canine's alert and should follow the canine in to the subject. The canine should make a clear alert, refind, and should eagerly move in to subject. Handler should assess subject, identify location, contact base with location and medical assessment.

c. Open terrain, multi-subject problem: An area of approximately 160 acres with light brush/tree cover interspersed with open areas. (In areas where only dense foliage exists, the 160 acres may be reduced to not smaller than 80 acres). Two or three persons (number of subjects known to handler) hidden out of crew's sight must be found within a set time limit, generally not less than two hours and not more than four hours. The handler should assess the sector on the map, determine the most effective way to search it, work the canine effectively, assess any subjects, determine their exact location, and notify base of their needs. Then, handler should continue on to next subject. Canine should eagerly find each subject with an identifiable alert and refind or bark alert.

Evaluators - There should be at least two evaluators for the field tests one of who should be an operational area search canine handler from the same unit or one from a unit, which works, in similar circumstances. The other may be from a user agency. In the event the Unit is newly forming and has no operational handlers; the Unit may use operational handlers from nearby units.

Re-evaluation - One of the training officers or operational members of the unit using the open terrain, multi-subject problem should evaluate all SAR Dog Crews every two years. This evaluation should be conducted within 60 days of the anniversary of the previous successful completion of the requirements and evolution to operational canine handler status. In addition, any operational canine which is out of service for more than 90 days should be evaluated by the training officer or operational handler. The field evaluation should be the open terrain - multi victim evaluation.

Any renewable certificates, including but not limited to first aid, and/or CPR, should be current.

AREA SEARCH PROBLEM - RURAL / WILDERNESS

TRAIL/HASTY PROBLEM EVALUATION FORM

HANDLER/CANINE: BREED: DATE:

PLACE: WEATHER: TEMP:

EVALUATORS:

TIME STARTED: TIME FINISHED:

Handler Skills YES NO

Does handler recognize canine's alerts? 1 2 3 4 5

Is handler alert to visual clues? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler adjust search for wind conditions? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler maintain control of canine? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler reward canine adequately? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

Canine Skills

Does canine range well? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler easily direct the canine? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine respond well to command? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine avoid distractions? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine attempt to follow up on alerts? (if appropriate) 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine close well on subject? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine perform obvious refind or bark alert? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine take handler in to subject? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine seem motivated? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

Crew Skills

Do canine and handler appear at ease together? 1 2 3 4 5

Do canine and handler make an effective crew? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

PASS ____RETAKE _____

AREA SEARCH PROBLEM - RURAL/ WILDERNESS

40 ACRE NIGHT PROBLEM EVALUATION FORM

HANDLER/CANINE: BREED: DATE:

PLACE: WEATHER: TEMP:

EVALUATORS:

TIME STARTED: TIME FINISHED:

Handler Skills YES NO

Does handler have plan of action suitable for nighttime conditions? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler change plan to meet changing conditions? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler communicate well with base? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler recognize canine's alerts? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler cover sector adequately? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler check sector margins? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler use map and compass adequately? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler maintain orientation in the dark? 1 2 3 4 5

Is handler at ease searching at night? 1 2 3 4 5

Is handler alert to visual clues? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler maintain control of canine? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler reward canine adequately? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

Canine Skills

Does canine range well? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine respond well to handler's instructions? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine avoid distractions? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine display recognizable alert? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine attempt to follow up on alerts? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine close well on subject? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine perform refind or bark alert? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine seem motivated? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine appear at ease searching at night? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

Crew Skills

Do canine and handler appear at ease together? 1 2 3 4 5

Do canine and handler make an effective crew? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments: PASS ____ RE-TAKE___

AREA SEARCH - RURAL / WILDERNESS

OPEN TERRAIN - MULTI-SUBJECT EVALUATION FORM

HANDLER/CANINE: BREED: DATE:

PLACE: WEATHER: TEMP:

TERRAIN: EVALUATORS:

TIME STARTED: TIME FINISHED:

Handler Skills YES NO

Does handler gather adequate information to form search strategy? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler have a plan of action? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler change plan to meet changing conditions? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler communicate well with base? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler recognize canine's alerts? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler cover sector adequately? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler check sector margins? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler use map and compass adequately? 1 2 3 4 5

Is handler alert to visual clues? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler maintain control of canine? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler easily distract canine? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler reward canine adequately? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler have adequate endurance? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler assess/communicate well with subjects? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler adequately debrief at base? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

Canine Skills

Does canine range well? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine respond well to handler's commands? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine avoid distractions? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine display recognizable alert? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine attempt to follow up alerts? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine close well on first subject? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine perform obvious refind or bark alert on first subject? 1 2 3 4 5

If appropriate, does canine identify any clues? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine continue working after finding first subject? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine close well on subsequent subject(s)? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine perform obvious refind or bark alert on 1 2 3 4 5

subsequent subject(s)?

Does canine stay motivated? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine have adequate endurance? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

Crew Skills

Do canine and handler appear at ease together? 1 2 3 4 5

Do canine and handler make an effective crew? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

PASS ______ RE-TAKE____

APPENDIX C

AREA SEARCH - WATER SEARCH FOR SUBMERGED CADAVER PROBLEMS

In order to qualify as a Water SAR Dog Crew, a crew should pass two water search problems after qualifying as an area search - wilderness/rural crew. It is not required that both problems be evaluated on the same day. That decision should be made by mutual consent.

a. Shore search problem. In an area not less than one hundred fifty feet by twelve feet (150' x 12') such as the shoreline of a lake, pond, river or creek, the canine should successfully indicate the location of a cadaver simulating material or diver, within ten feet with due compensation for current and wind conditions. The material or diver should be submerged out of sight of the handler prior to the start of the evaluation. If wind and weather conditions permit, such evaluation should be conducted in an area where the prevailing wind is directly perpendicular to the shore and off the water. The canine should alert in a consistent and readily identifiable manner. The alert should be readily apparent to the handler.

b. Open Water Problem. In an area not less than fifty yards by one hundred yards (50yd. x 100 yd) (approximately one acre), and working from a power boat operated by a second person, a canoe paddled by a second person in the stern of the craft, or a boat rowed by a second person, the canine should detect a cadaver simulation material or diver at a depth of no more than ten feet. The material or diver should be submerged out of sight of the handler prior to the start of the evaluation. The canine should ignore all persons on shore or in neighboring boats. The canine should alert in a consistent and readily identifiable manner. The alert should be readily apparent to the handler and observers.

Evaluators

There will be at least two evaluators for the field tests, one of whom should be an operational area search canine handler from the same unit or one from a unit that works in similar circumstances. The other may be from a user agency. In the event the Unit is newly forming and has no operational handlers; the Unit may use operational handlers from nearby units.

Re-evaluation

All SAR Dog Crews should be evaluated on a biannual basis by one of the training officers or operational members of the unit. This evaluation should be conducted within 60 days of the anniversary of the previous successful completion of the requirements and evolution to operational canine handler status. In addition, any operational canine which is out of service for more than 90 days should be evaluated by the training officer or operational handler. The field evaluation should be the open terrain - multi victim evaluation, and either a shore search problem or open water problem.

In addition to successfully completing the field evaluation, any renewable certificates, including but not limited to first aid, CPR, and/or watercraft certification, must be current.

AREA SEARCH - WATER SEARCH FOR SUBMERGED CADAVER

EVALUATION FORM

HANDLER/CANINE: BREED: DATE:

PLACE: WEATHER:

AIR/WATER TEMPERATURE: EVALUATORS:

TIME STARTED: TIME FINISHED:

Handler Skills YES NO

Does handler appear at ease on the water? (If in boat) 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler demonstrate appropriate water search strategy? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler identify and consider hazards? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler estimates wind force (Beauford Scale)? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler understand how to work with divers? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler understand how scent is affected by 1 2 3 4 5

currents/bottom conditions?

Does handler recognize canine's alert? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler identify, from alert, the location of the subject? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler control canine effectively? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler demonstrate safe boating techniques? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler maneuver confidently in boat? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

Canine Skills

Does canine work in calm water confidently? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine work in moving water confidently? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine move confidently in and out of the boat? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine give readable alert? 1 2 3 4 5

Is canine controllable in boat? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

Crew Skills

Do canine and handler appear at ease with each other? 1 2 3 4 5

Do canine and handler make an effective crew? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

PASS _____ RE-TAKE_____

APPENDIX D

CADAVER AND OR CADAVER PART DETECTION

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION PROBLEM

Human Cadaver Parts Detection Crew Expectations

The handler and canine should pass a proficiency test which is conducted in an area one hundred (100) yards by one hundred (100) yards minimum. The area should have moderate vegetation. The crew is allowed a maximum of one hour to conduct the search.

The scent source used may be a chemical simulating human decomposition [i.e. Sigma Pseudo (TM) corpse Formulation I or II], soil samples from a grave, aged human blood, or other suitable source. The source should be in a container to prevent the canine from making contact with it. There should be a minimum of one and a maximum of two training aids used. If two sources are used, one should be above the surface.

The training aid(s) should be placed in the test area a minimum of twelve (12) hours prior to testing and should be either above ground (no higher than 6 feet), on the surface, or buried no deeper than 12 inches below soil surface. Above ground sources should be concealed and may not be visible to the handler. The burial site should be camouflaged so visible ground disturbance is minimal. There should be a minimum of three holes dug to insure the canine does not alert on earth disturbance. If possible there should be animal remains as a distraction on the surface in the testing area. The handler should be able to describe his search plan and be able to justify the plan, if necessary. The handler should control the canine and conduct a thorough search. The handler should describe his canine's alert prior to the evaluation and then recognize the alert and advise the evaluator when a source has been located. The crew should locate all aids in order to be successful. The crew will fail if the handler calls an alert on the animal remains.

Evaluators

There will be at least two evaluators for the field tests one of whom should be an operational area search canine handler from the same unit or one from a unit which works in similar circumstances. The other may be from a user agency. In the event the Unit is newly forming and has no operational handlers; the Unit may use operational handlers from nearby units.

Re-evaluation

One of the training officers or operational members of the unit should evaluate all SAR Dog Crews every two years. This evaluation should be conducted within 60 days of the anniversary of the previous successful completion of the requirements and evolution to operational canine handler status. In addition, any operational canine which is out of service for more than 90 days should be evaluated by the training officer or operational handler.

In addition to successfully completing the field evaluation, any renewable certificates, including but not limited to first aid, and/or CPR, must be current

HUMAN CADAVER PARTS DETECTION

EVALUATION FORM

HANDLER / CANINE: BREED: DATE:

PLACE: WEATHER: WATER TEMP:

EVALUATORS:

TIME STARTED: TIME FINISHED:

Handler Skills YES NO

Does the handler have a plan? 1 2 3 4 5

Is the plan a good plan given the working conditions? 1 2 3 4 5

Does the handler justify his plan adequately? 1 2 3 4 5

Does the handler clearly describe the canine's alert? 1 2 3 4 5

Does the handler control the canine throughout the search? 1 2 3 4 5

Does the handler conduct a thorough search? 1 2 3 4 5

Does the handler recognize the canine's alert(s) and notify

the Evaluator when the source has been located? 1 2 3 4 5

Does the handler call an alert on animal remains? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

Canine Skills

Does the canine give a readable alert? 1 2 3 4 5

Does the canine search thoroughly? 1 2 3 4 5

Does the canine locate all aids placed? 1 2 3 4 5

Does the canine respond to the handler's direction? 1 2 3 4 5

Does the canine alert on animal remains? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

Crew Skills

Do the canine and handler appear at ease together? 1 2 3 4 5

Do canine and handler make an effective crew? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

NOTE: The crew fails the test if the handler calls an alert on the animal remains.

PASS_____ RETAKE_____

APPENDIX E

AREA SEARCH - AVALANCHE DETECTION

PROBLEMS

In an area of 800 square yards, (100 feet by 72 feet), two subjects and one clothed dummy or pile of clothing are buried out of the crew's sight in approximately 2 yards of snow for a maximum of 10 minutes. This assumes an average density snow; extremely dense snow requires longer scent rise times. The handler and canine should approach and navigate the avalanche rapidly and carefully despite noise and people on the periphery. The canine should locate both live subjects within 30 minutes. He will not be required to locate the clothing although note should be made of a difference in his alerts.

Evaluators

There will be at least two evaluators for the field test one of whom should be an operational area search canine handler from the same unit or one from a unit which works in similar circumstances. The other may be from a user agency. In the event the Unit is newly forming and has no operational handlers, the Unit may use operational handlers from nearby units.

Testing Rules

• Nothing belonging to the handler may be in the hole with the subjects or clothing.

• No rescue beacons may be turned on.

• Subjects and evaluators should enter the slide zone from the windward side or from a different direction than that of the crew to be tested.

• Shovels and evaluators should be placed so they will not cue the canine or the handler.

• The entire slide area should be disturbed by shovels.

• After the area has been disturbed and the subjects placed, the problem should run as soon as possible but not sooner than described above.

Re-evaluation: One of the training officers or operational members of the unit should evaluate all SAR Dog Crews every two years. This evaluation should be conducted within 60 days of the anniversary of the previous successful completion of the requirements and evolution to operational canine handler status. In addition, any operational canine which is out of service for more than 90 days should be evaluated by the training officer or operational handler.

In addition to successfully completing the field evaluation, any renewable certificates, including but not limited to first aid, and/or CPR, must be current.

AVALANCHE SEARCH EVALUATION

HANDLER/CANINE: BREED: DATE:

PLACE: WEATHER: TEMP:

EVALUATORS:

TIME STARTED: TIME FINISHED:

Handler Skills YES NO

Does handler have a plan? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler justify plan? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler direct canine well? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler maneuver over the snow well? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler read canine's alerts? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler reward canine? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler demonstrate knowledge of search strategy in snow? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler differentiate canine's alerts between

subject and clothing? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

Canine Skills

Does canine maneuver through snow effectively? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine have stamina for search? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine give readable alert on first subject? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine give readable alert on second subject? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine give readable alert on clothing? 1 2 3 4 5

If canine alerts on clothing, is the alert different than on subjects? 1 2 3 4 5

Is canine eager to work? 1 2 3 4 5

Is canine easily directed by handler? 1 2 3 4 5 Comments:

Crew Skills

Do canine and handler appear at ease together? 1 2 3 4 5

Do canine and handler make an effective crew? 1 2 3 4 5

Do canine and handler work confidently? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

PASS_____ RE-TAKE_____

APPENDIX F

AREA SEARCH - CATASTROPHIC EVENT

PROBLEM

If units wish to train to meet the FEMA Crew standards, contact NASAR for copies of those standards.

APPENDIX G

SCENT DISCRIMINATION /TRAILING PROBLEMS

Scent Discrimination /Trailing Crew Expectations

The following are examples of typical search scenarios to which a scent discrimination/ trailing SAR Dog crew may be asked to respond. Each crew should successfully complete all field problems to be considered ready to participate in a search.

a. A night trail which is 6 to 8 hours old, approximately one half (1/2) mile in length, over varied terrain, in a rural or semi-rural environment. It should cross at least one road (paved or gravel) or stream. It may or may not follow a wood's trail and shall have at least one turn.

b. A wilderness trail which is 18 to 24 hours old, one mile or more in length through varied terrain and vegetation. It should follow a dirt road or trail for part of it, have at least three turns and generally meander as a lost person may do. If the area is not subject to foot traffic, two deliberate fresh cross trails should be set just prior to beginning the evaluation. The subject will be concealed and not readily visible from 50 feet.

c. An urban setting which is not less than 18 and not more than 30 hours old, not less than one mile or more than 1.5 miles in length. It should travel over a variety of surfaces including pavement, grass (field), foot trails and sidewalks, should follow a meandering pattern, and should have at least six turns. It should include such distractions as dumpsters, large air conditioning units, parked cars, and light vehicle and pedestrian traffic. The subjects should not be visible from the direction of the trail, i.e., in a doorway or behind an obstacle.

Two (or more) individuals should set trails. If a minimum of two subjects are not available at the start, the trail may be set by one person as long as there are three subjects at the end for scent discrimination. . The handler must articulate the canine's indication of the proper subject to the evaluator. In all cases, the handler should be provided with bagged scent material from one of the trail layers. The handler should not be informed of the identity of the owner. There is no time limit for the evaluation as long as the canine is working. The crew is allowed one restart if the handler decides the canine is not working properly. The crew must follow the path taken by the subject, giving consideration to the weather conditions, wind direction and traffic. The handler must be able to map the route of travel and provide an assessment of the work of the canine. The canine must identify the proper subject at the end of the trail.

Evaluators

There will be at least two evaluators for the field tests, one of whom should be an operational scent discriminating/trailing SAR Dog handler from the same unit or one from a unit which works in similar circumstances. The other may be from a user agency. In the event the Unit is newly forming and has no operational handlers; the Unit may use operational handlers from nearby units

Evaluators will not assist the handler in any way including, but not limited to coaching, directing, interfering or handling the canine.

Any assistance given by any evaluator will be taken as an unsuccessful attempt of the canine crew and the trail being worked.

The evaluators will not talk to the handler once the crew has started working unless:

a) The crew has completely wandered away from the trail with no indication of returning to the trail.

b) Either the evaluator or the handler stops the crew.

c) The evaluators identify a dangerous obstacle or practice and must warn the handler.

d) The canine has reached the end of the trail and positively identifies the trail layer.

Re-evaluations

One of the training officers or operational members of the unit using the third example trail should evaluate all SAR Dog Crews every two years. This evaluation should be conducted within 60 days of the anniversary of the previous successful completion of the requirements and evolution to operational canine handler status. In addition, any operational canine which is out of service for more than 90 days should be evaluated by the training officer or operational handler.

In addition to successfully completing the field evaluation, any renewable certificates, including but not limited to first aid, and/or CPR, must be current.

SCENT DISCRIMINATION - NIGHT TRAIL

EVALUATION CHECKLIST

HANDLER/CANINE: BREED: DATE:

PLACE: WEATHER: TEMP:

EVALUATORS

TIME STARTED: TIME FINISHED:

Handler Skills YES NO

Does handler have plan of action? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler communicate well with base? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler handle scent article adequately? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler use map and compass adequately for the situation? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler recognize when the canine has a trail? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler recognize when the canine has lost the trail? 1 2 3 4 5

Is handler alert to visual clues? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler maintain control of canine? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler adjust search for nighttime conditions? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler maintain orientation in the dark? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler reward canine adequately? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler rest canine adequately?

Comments:

Canine Skills

Is canine motivated to trail? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine trail without being led/directed by handler? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine respond well to command? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine avoid distractions? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine attempt to refind trail after over-running a turn? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine return to trailing after it has been

stopped for any reason? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine identify the subject adequately? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

Crew Skills

Do canine and handler appear to be at ease together? 1 2 3 4 5

Do canine and handler make an effective crew? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

PASS_____RE-TAKE_____

SCENT DISCRIMINATION - RURAL / WILDERNESS / URBAN

EVALUATION CHECKLIST

HANDLER/CANINE: BREED: DATE:

PLACE: WEATHER: TEMP:

EVALUATORS:

TIME STARTED: TIME FINISHED:

Handler Skills YES NO

Does handler have plan of action? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler communicate well with base? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler handle scent article adequately? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler use map and compass adequately for the situation? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler recognize when the canine has a trail? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler recognize when the canine has lost the trail? 1 2 3 4 5

Is handler alert to visual clues? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler maintain control of canine? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler reward canine adequately? 1 2 3 4 5

Does handler rest canine adequately? 1 2 3 4 5 Comments:

Canine Skills

Is canine motivated to trail? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine trail without being led/directed by handler? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine respond well to command? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine avoid distractions? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine attempt to refind trail after over-running a turn? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine return to trailing after it has been

stopped for any reason? 1 2 3 4 5

Does canine identify the subject adequately? 1 2 3 4 5 Comments:

Crew Skills

Do canine and handler appear to be at ease together? 1 2 3 4 5

Do canine and handler make an effective crew? 1 2 3 4 5

Comments:

PASS_____RE-TAKE_____

SUGGESTED READING

Along with regular hands-on training, reading and researching helps the handler grow and be more confident. Below, is a basic suggested reading list. These are just a few of the books and articles available to assist in research.

Abels, Michael A.; Aspnes, John; and Carr-Lundfelt, Cathi; Ground Pounders and K-9 Handlers - A Match Made in Fairbanks, Alaska@ Response, The Journal of the National Association for Search and Rescue; Vol. 15, No.3 Spring 1996.

American Rescue Dog. Search and Rescue Dogs Training Methods. New York; Howell Bookhouse (1991).

Bryson, S. Search and Rescue Dog Training. Pacific Grove, CA.; The Boxwood Press (1976).

Bryson, S. Search Dog Training. Pacific Grove, CA.; The Boxwood Press (1984).

Bulanda, Susan; READY! The Training of the Search and Rescue Dog. Portland, OR; Doral Publishing (1994).

Button, Lue; Practical Scent Dog Training. Loveland, CO; Alpine Publications, Inc. (1990).

Cornell, Edward H. and Heth, C. Donald. Distance Traveled During Urban and Suburban Walks Led by 3 to 12 Year Olds; Response; The Journal of the National Association for Search and Rescue; Vol 15, No.1. Winter 1996.

Fear, Gene; Surviving The Unexpected Wilderness Emergency. Tacoma, WA; Survival Education Association, (1972).

Fleming, June. Staying Found, The Complete Map and Compass Handbook; New York; Vintage Books, a Division of Random House, (1982).

Graham, Hatch. Search and Rescue Dogs Technical Notes 1,4,6. Nokesville (1979).

Graham, Hatch. Probability of Detection for Search Dogs or How Long is Your Shadow? Response Magazine@ NASAR, Vol 13, No.1. Winter 1994.

Hardy, Marian. How to Develop and Train a Water Search Dog Team. Response Magazine. NASAR, Vol. 12, No.1, Winter 1993.

Hardy, Marian. Water Search With Dogs. Proceedings of the NASAR Response Conference, 1992.

Hill, Kenneth; Ph.D.; How May Clues Do You Need? Applying Information Theory to Land Search. Response; The Journal of the National Association for Search and Rescue; Vol. 14, No.3. Fall 1995.

Holt, A.B., DVM. Bloodhounds, An Underutilized Resource. Proceedings, NASAR Annual Conference. (1994).

Jacobson, Cliff. The Basic Essentials of Map and Compass; Merrillville, IN; I.C.S. Books, Inc. (1988).

Kjellstrom, Bjorn. Be Expert With Map and Compass; New York, Charles Scribner=s Sons, Inc. (1976).

Moore, Judith A. Cultural Clues: Information for Public Safety Interviewers; Response; The Journal of the National Association for Search and Rescue; Vol. 15, No.1. Winter 1996.

Neudeck-Dicken, Marilyn, Ph.D. A Practical Approach to SAR Stress Management; Response; The Journal of the National Association for Search and Rescue; Vol. 14, No.3. Fall 1995.

Robbins, Roland. Mantracking; Introduction to the Step-By-Step Method. Montrose, CA. Search and Rescue Magazine. 1977.

Schroeder, M.J., Buck C.C. Fire Weather. Washington, USDA Forest Service (1970).

Setnicka, T. Wilderness Search and Rescue; Washington, Appalachian Mountain (1981).

Syrotuck, William G. Analysis of Lost Person Behavior; Clark Mills, NY. Arner Publications, Inc. (1980).

Syrotuck, William G. Scent and the Scenting Dog, Clark Mills, NY. Arner Publications, Inc., (1980).

Williams, Susan. Desert Searching With Dogs; Response; The Journal of the National Association for Search and Rescue; Vol. 14, No. 3. Fall 1995.

Copyright 1997, National Association for Search and Rescue