Contents

 

Management and Analysis of Snow, Avalanche and Climate Data

Avalanche Forecasting with GIS

R. Bolognesi, M. Denuelle, L. Dexter 11

Data Magic: Converting Automated Hourly Data into Reliable Climate Information

S. Breyfogle, S.A. Ferguson, D. Judd, R. Marriott, M.B. Moore, P. Pasteris, and K. Redmond 14

Analysis of Weather and Avalanche Records from Alta, Utah and Mammoth Mountain, California: Using Classification Trees

Robert E. Davis, Kelly Elder, Daniel Howlett, Eddy Bouzaglou 14

Geliniv for Windows : An Integrated Software for Snow Data Analysis J.L. Dumas and C. Gendre 19

The Cyberspace Snow and Avalanche Center: An Avalanche Information Center for the Future

Jim Frankenfield 27

Climate Change and Sierra Nevada Snowpack

Tammy Johnson, Pete Fohl, Jeff Dozier 29

Visualization and Analysis of the Swiss Avalanche Bulletin using GPS

Heiri Leuthold & Britta Allgöwer and Roland Meister 35

The New Westwide Avalanche Network

Bruce Tremper, Dan Judd, Daniel Howlett, Randy Trover, Mark Moore, Dale Atkins, Kevin Heineken 41

Hazard Management and Public Warning

The Canadian Avalanche Centre: Afive year retrospective

Alan Dennis and Torsten Geldsetzer 44

Avalanche Forecasting in Iceland and Norway: Proposed Guidelines for Implementation and Operation of Local Avalanche Forecasting

Krister Kristensen and Magnús Mar Magnússon 47

Preparedness of the Icelandic Meteorological Office in response to potential avalanche danger

Magnús Mar Magnússon 53

Evolution of Public Avalanche Information: The North American Experience with Avalanche Danger Rating Levels

Alan Dennis and Mark Moore 60

Decision-making on Variable Risk Terrain

Dick Penniman and René Boisselle 67

ANENA: The French Association for Snow and Avalanche Study

Francois Sivardière 73

Mountain Weather and Snowpack

Near Surface Faceted Crystals: Conditions Necessary for Growth and Contribution to Avalanche Formation, Southwest Montana, U.S.A.

Karl Birkeland, Ron Johnson, and Scott Schmidt 75

The Basic Ideas Behind Snow Metamorphism

S. C. Colbeck 80

Observations on Buried Surface Hoar: Persistent Failure Planes for Slab Avalanches in British Columbia, Canada

Robert E. Davis, Bruce Jamieson, Jill Hughes and Colin Johnston 81

Surface Hoar Growing for Several Days

Akihiro Hachikubo and Eizi Akitaya 86

A Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting Method for Mountain Snowfall

Jim Woodmencey 90

Dry-Slab Density and Thickness During Major Storms

Art Mears 91

On the Topographical Origin of some Remaining Snow Patterns,

"Yukigata" Yutaka Yamada 94


Snow Cover Stability, Avalanche Initiation and Forecasting

Measurements on Skier Triggering

Christian Camponovo and Jürg Schweizer 100

The Stochastic Model of Snow Cover Stability on Mountain Slopes

Pavel A. Chernouss and Yury V. Fedorenko 104

Creep and Failure of Alpine Snow: Measurements and Observations

H. Conway, S. Breyfogle, J.B. Johnson and C. Wilbour 107

Effect of Snow Temperatures on Skier Triggering of Dry Slab Avalanches

D.M. McClung and Jürg Schweizer 113

Avalanches and Mountain Forests in the Stubai Valley (Tyrol)

Peter Höller 117

The Compression Test for Snow Stability

Bruce Jamieson and Colin Johnston 118

Experience with Stability Evaluation for a Surface Hoar Layer during winter 1995-96 at Rogers Pass,British Columbia,

Canada Jürg Schweizer, David Skjönsberg, Bruce McMahon 126

Blowing Snow

Measurements of Charge-to-Mass Ratios on Individual Blowing Snow Particles

D.S. Schmidt, J.D. Dent, R.A. Schmidt 129

Drift-Flux Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Snow-Accumulation

Per-Arne Sundsbø 135

Instruments and Methods

Assessing the Accuracy of SIR-C Snow Cover Classification

Thomas Albright, Jiancheng Shi, Jeff Dozier 140

The Driftometer

Robert Bolognesi 144

Acoustic Detection System for Operational Avalanche Forecasting

V. Chritin, M. Rossi and R. Bolognesi 149

Instrumentation for In-situ Snow Liquid Water Measurements

A. Denoth 154

Improvements by Measuring Shear Strength of Weak Layers

Paul Föhn and Christian Camponovo 158

Pore-Space Characterization of Wet Snow in the Pendular Regime

Jim Frankenfield 163

Remote Avalanche Warning, Alarm and Control Systems, Fundamentals,

Applications and Experience

Hansueli Gubler 165

Test of a Multiplex Snow-depth Sensor along a Down Slope

G. Guyomarc'h, L. Mérindol and M. Sudul 173

Automatic Monitoring of Snow Depth Claude Labine 179

Reliable Estimation of Avalanche Activity Using Seismic Methods

B. Leprettre, J.P. Navarre, A. Taillefer, Y. Danielou, J.M. Panel, F. Touvier 184

Preliminary Investigations of Glide/Creep Motion Sensors in Alta, Utah

Bob Rice, Dan Howlett, Rand Decker 189

Preliminary Results Controlled Shear Experiments

Jürg Schweizer 195

The Remote Monitoring of Avalanche Activity

G. Statham, A. Wilson, J. Kelly, and R. Bilak 198

Glide Avalanche Forecasting

A. Wilson, G. Statham, R. Bilak, B. Allen 200

Ski and Backcountry Operations

Expanding into Avalanche Terrain: A Case Study

G. Brozovich, E. Guerra, J. Kanetsky, B. MacDougald, J. Rueppel 203

Snow Science and Safety for the Mountain Guide

Walter Bruns 203

Heli-Ski Survival Guide

Eric Burr 207


Alpine Touring Access Management on Public Lands in Avalanche Terrain

Robert H. Comey 209

The New Avalanche Control Programme at the Lake Louise Ski Area

Mark Klassen 213

Forecasting for a Widespread Heliski Operation

Bob Sayer 216

Avalanche Hazard Evaluation at Ski Areas

Jon Ueland 217

Avalanche Dynamics and Defence

Density and Friction Measurements in a Flowing Dry Snow Avalanche

K.J. Burrell, J.D. Dent, M.Y. Louge, D.S. Schmidt, E.E. Adams, T.G. Jazbutis 219

Frequency/Magnitude Relationship of Avalanches in the Chugach Range, Alaska

David Hamre and Doug McCarty 224

The Ryggfonn Avalanche Dynamics Project

Krister Kristensen and Jan Otto Larsen 231

Experiences on the Use and the Effectiveness of Permanent Supporting Structures in Switzerland

Stefan Margreth 233

Avalanche modeling in France &endash; Theory and applications

Mohamed Naaim, Gérard Brugnot and Jean Claude Charry 239

Snow Avalanche Experiments at Ski Jump

K. Nishimura, Y. Nohguchi, Y. Ito, K. Kosugi and K. Izumi 244

Head Formation in Light Granular Avalanches

Yasuaki Nohguchi and Koiti Nishimura 252

Case Histories

Loveland Basin Avalanche, February 1996

Dale Atkins 257

Two Destructive Avalanches in Iceland

Jon Gunnar Egilsson 264

Powerline Pass, B.C. North Coast Mountain: The History of Avalanche Damage, Mitigation and a Modern Epic

Scott Flavelle and Hector MacKenzie 268

Bridal Veil Falls Avalanche 1996

Kevin Griffith 271

Storms and Avalanches of November 1995, Khumbu Himal, Nepal

Richard Kattelmann and Tomomi Yamada 276

Secondary alpine hazards induced by the 1995-1996 eruption of Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand

Harry (J.R.) Keys 279

Avalanche Control, Rescue and Education

Further Studies on the Influence of the GAZ-EX on a Continental Snowpack, Glory Bowl Slide Path,Teton Pass, Wyoming

Kelly Elder and Rod Newcomb 285

New Long Range Control Methods

Marty Schmoker and Mike Stanford 288

Avalanche Probing Revisited

Tim Auger and Bruce Jamieson 295

Snowpack Study in Technical Communication

Richard M. Chisholm 299

Avalanche Victim's Air-from-Snow Breathing Device Thomas J. Crowley, M.D. 306

Avalanche Balloons: Preliminary Test Results

Frank Tschirky and Jürg Schweizer 309