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Recent Technical Papers
This section is continuously under construction and is NOT an
exhaustive list. It's not even close...especially for older
articles! However, it does contain some recent volumes and
articles we've seen (with an emphasis on the past few years),
and links if we know them. We've tried to just list peer-reviewed
scientific articles on or about snow avalanches, and when there
is a large group of articles together (like an Annals of Glaciology
volume), we only list the volume rather than each individual article.
To get most of these articles, you will need access to a university
library. If you know of other articles you would like us
to list, and especially if you have an electronic copy of the
abstract or a link to a site with the abstract, please email
or
.
This page is jointly maintained by Ethan Greene, Research
Chair of the American Avalanche Association and Karl Birkeland
of the Forest Service National Avalanche Center.
2004
Annals of Glaciology,
Volume 38 - Contains 61 peer-reviewed papers from the International
Glaciological Society's International Symposium on Snow and Avalanches
held in Davos, Switzerland in June of 2003.
Instanes A., I. Lonne, and K. Sandaker. 2004. Location of avalanche
victims with ground-penetrating radar. Cold Reg. Sci. Tech.
38(1), 55-61.
Legagneux, L., A.S. Taillandier, and F. Domine. 2004. Grain growth
theories and the isothermal evolution of the specific surface
area of snow. J. Appl. Phys. 95(11), 6175-6184.
Tiefenbacher, F. and M.A. Kern. 2004. Experimental devices to
determine snow avalanche basal friction and velocity profiles.
Cold Reg. Sci. Tech. 38(1), 17-30.
2003
Cold
Regions Science and Technology, Volume 37, Number 3 -
Contains 22 peer-reviewed papers from the 2002 International Snow
Science Workshop at Penticton, British Columbia.
Barka, I. and R. Rybar. 2003. Identification of snow avalanche
trigger areas using GIS. Ekologia-Bratislava 22,
182-194.
Bazant, Z., G. Zi, and D. McClung. 2003. Size effect law and
fracture toughness of the triggering of dry snow slab avalanches.
J. Geophys. Res. 108(B2), 2119, doi:10.1029/2002JB001884.
Biescas, B., F. Dufour, and G. Furdada. 2003. Frequency content
evolution of snow avalanche seismic signals. Surv. Geophys.
24(5-6), 447-464.
Brugger, H., G. Sumann, R. Meister, L. Adler-Kastner, P. Mair,
H.C. Gunga, W. Schobersberger, and M. Falk. 2003. Hypoxia and
hypercapnia during respiration into an artificial air pocket in
snow: implications for avalanche survival. Resuscitation
58(1), 81-88.
Decker, R., R. Rice, S. Putnam, and S. Singer. 2003. Rural intelligent
transportation system natural-hazard management on low-volume
roads. Transportation Res. Record 1819, 255-259.
Domine, F., T. Lauzier, A. Cabanes, L. Legagneux, W.F. Kuhs,
K. Techmer, and T. Heinrichs. Snow metamorphism as revealed by
scanning electron microscopy. Microscopy and Research Technique
62(1), 33-48.
F. Flin, J. B. Brzoska, B. Lesaffre, C. Coleou and R. A. Pieritz.
2003. Full three-dimensional modelling of curvature-dependent
snow metamorphism: first results and comparison with experimental
tomographic data. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
36, A49-A54. [Abstract]
[Article
pre-print]
Hakonardottir, K.M., A.J. Hogg, and T. Johannesson. 2003. Large-scale
avalanche braking mound and catching dam experiments with snow:
A study of the airborne jet. Surv. Geophys. 24(5-6),
543-554.
Keylock, C.J. 2003. The North Atlantic Oscillation and snow
avalanching in Iceland. Geophysical Research Letters 30(5),
1254, doi:10.1029/2002GL016272.
Legagneux, L., T. Lauzier, T. Domin, W.F. Kuhs, T. Heinrichs,
and K. Techmer. Rate of decay of specific surface area of snow
during isothermal experiments and morphological changes studied
by scanning electron microscopy. Canadian J. Phys. 81(1-2),
459-468.
McClung, D.M. 2003. Size scaling for dry snow slab release. J.
Geophys. Res. - Solid Earth 108(B10), Article
No. 2465.
McClung, D.M. 2003. Time arrival of slab avalanche masses. J.
Geophys. Res. - Solid Earth 108(B10), Article
No. 2465.
McClung, D.M. 2003. Magnitude and frequency of avalanches in
relation to terrain and forest cover. Arctic, Antarctic and
Alpine Research 35(1), 82-90.
Naaim M., T. Faug, and F. Naaim-Bouvet. 2003. Dry granular flow
modelling including erosion and deposition. Surv. Geophys.
24(5-6), 569-585.
Roeger, C., R. Stull, D. McClung, J. Hacker, X.X. Deng, and H.Modzelewski.
2003. Verification of mesoscale numerical weather forecasts in
mountainous terrain for application to avalanche prediction. Weather
and Forecasting 18(6), 1140-1160.
Schweizer, J, B. Jamieson and M. Schneebeli. 2003. Snow avalanche
formation. Reviews of Geophysics 41(4).
Stethem, C., B. Jamieson, P. Schaerer, D. Liverman, D. Germain,
and S. Walker. 2003. Snow avalanche hazard in Canada - a review.
Natural Hazards 28, 487-515. [Abstract]
Turnbull, B. and P. Bartelt. 2003. Mass and momentum balance
model of a mixed flowing/powder snow avalanche. Surv. Geophys.
24(5-6), 465-477.
2002
Barbolini, M., L. Natale, and F. Savi. 2002. Effects of release
conditions uncertainty on avalanche hazard mapping. Natural
Hazards 25, 225-244. [Abstract]
Bartelt, P. and M. Lehning. 2002. A physical SNOWPACK model
for the Swiss avalanche warning Part I: numerical model. Cold
Reg. Sci. Tech. 35(3), 123-146.
Birkeland, K.W. and C.C. Landry. 2002. Power-laws and
snow avalanches. Geophysical Research Letters, 29(11),
10.1029/2001GL014623, 49-1 to 49-3. [Abstract]
[Article]
Blagovechshenskiy, V., M. Eglit, and M. Naaim. 2002. The calibration
of an avalanche mathematical model using field data. Natural
Hazards and Earth System Sciences 2, 217-220.
Chaudhury V., G. Singh, and A.Chaudhary. 2002. Flexible retaining
barriers for prevention of avalanches on national highway NH-1A.
Defense Science Journal 52(2), 191-200.
Jamieson, B. and C. Stethem. 2002. Snow avalanche hazards and
management in Canada: Challenges and progress. Natural Hazards
26, 35-53. [Abstract]
Kircher, H.O.K., G. Michot, and J. Schweizer. 2002. Fracture
toughness of snow in shear and tension. Scripta Materialia
46, 425-429.
Lehning, M., P. Bartelt, B. Brown, C. Fierz, and P. Satyawali.
2002. A physical SNOWPACK model for the Swiss avalanche warning
Part II: Snow microstructure. Cold Reg. Sci. Tech. 35(3),
147-168.
Lehning, M., P. Bartelt, B. Brown, and C. Fierz. 2002. A physical
SNOWPACK model for the Swiss avalanche warning Part III: Meteorological
forcing, think layer formation and evaluation. Cold Reg. Sci.
Tech. 35(3), 169-184.
Laternser, M. and M. Schneebeli. 2002. Temporal trend and
spatial distribution of avalanche activity during the last 50
years in Switzerland. Natural Hazards 27, 201-230.
[Abstract]
McClung, D.M. 2002. The elements of applied avalanche forecasting
part I: The human issues. Natural Hazards 25, 111-129.
[Abstract]
McClung, D.M. 2002. The elements of applied avalanche forecasting
part II: The physical issues and the rules of applied avalanche
forecasting. Natural Hazards 25, 131-146. [Abstract]
Naaim-Bouvet F., M. Naaim, L. Heiligenstein. 2002. Physical modeling
between powder avalanches and defense structures. Houille Blanche
6-7, 72-78.
Rice, R., R. Decker, N. Jensen, R. Patterson, S. Singer, C. Sullivan,
and L. Wells. 2002. Avalanche hazard reduction for transportation
corridors using real-time detection and alarms. Cold Regions
Science and Technology 34(1), 31-42. [Abstract] Schweizer, J. and C. Camponovo. 2002. The temperature dependence
of the effective elastic shear modulus of snow. Cold Reg. Sci.
Tech. 35(1), 55-64.
Seierstad J., A. Nesje, and S.O. Dahl. 2002. Holocene glacier
fluctuations of Grovabreen and Holocene snow-avalanche activity
reconstructed from lake sediments in Groningstolsvatnet, western
Norway. Holocene 12(2), 211-222.
Weir, P. Snow avalanche management in forested terrain.
Res. Br., BC Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Land Management Handbook
No. 55. [Go
here to download the PDF]
2001
Annals of Glaciology,
Volume 32 - Contains 59 peer-reviewed papers from the International
Glaciological Society's International Symposium on Snow, Avalanches
and Impact of the Forest Cover held in Innsbruck, Austria in May
of 2000.
Cold
Regions Science and Technology, Volume 33, Number 2-3
- Contains 18 peer-reviewed papers from the 2000 International
Snow Science Workshop in Big Sky, Montana.
Adams, E.E., D.A. Miller, and R.L. Brown. 2001. Grain boundary
ridge on sintered bonds between ice crystals. J. Applied Physics
90(11), 5782-5785.
Birkeland, K.W. 2001. Spatial patterns of snow stability throughout
a small mountain range. Journal of Glaciology 47(157),
176-186. [Abstract]
Birkeland, K.W. and C.J. Mock. 2001. The major snow avalanche
cycle of February 1986 in the western United States. Natural
Hazards, 24(1), 75-95. [Abstract]
Colbeck, S.C. 2001. Sintering of unequal grains. J. Applied
Physics 89(8), 4612-4618.
Denlinger, R.P. and R.M. Iverson. 2001. Flow of variably fluidized
granular masses across three-dimensional terrain: 2. Numerical
predictions and experimental tests. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 106(B1), 553-566.
Iverson, R.M. and R.P. Denlinger. 2001. Flow of variably fluidized
granular masses across three-dimensional terrain: 1. Coulomb
mixture theory. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(B1),
537-552.
McClung, D. M. 2001 Superelevation of flowing avalanches around
curved channel bends Journal of Geophysical Research,
106(B8), p. 16,489.
McClung, D.M. 2001. Extreme avalanche runout: a comparison
of empirical models. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 38,
1254-1265.
Smith, S.R. and J.J. O'Brien. 2001. Regional Snowfall Distributions
Associated with ENSO: Implications for Seasonal Forecasting.
Bull. American Met. Society, 82(6), 11791192.
2000
Barbolini M., U. Gruber, C.J. Keylock, M. Naaim, and F. Savi.
2000. Application of statistical and hydraulic-continuum dense-snow
avalanche models to five real European sites. Cold Regions
Science and Technology, 31(2), 133-149. [Abstract]
Fierz, C. and T. Baunach. 2001. Quantifying grain shape changes
in snow subjected to large temperature gradients. Annals of
Glaciology 31.
Jamieson, J.B. and J. Schweizer. 2000. Texture and strength changes
of buried surface-hoar layers with implications for dry snow-slab
avalanche release. J. Glaciology, 46(152), 151-
160.
Jones, R. J. 2000. Canadian Disasters: An historical survey. CMOS
Bulletin, 28(2), 35-44.
Judson, A. and N. Doesken. 2000. Density of freshly fallen
snow in the central Rocky Mountains. Bulletin of the
American Met. Soc., 81(7), 1577-1588. [Abstract]
Lehning, M., J. Doorschot, and P. Bartelt. 2000. A snowdrift
index based on SNOWPACK model calculations. Annals of Glaciology
31.
McClung, D.M. 2000. Predictions in avalanche forecasting.
Annals of Glaciology 31, 377-381.
McClung, D.M. 2000. Extreme avalanche runout in space and
time. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37(1), 161-170.
McElwaine, J., A. Hachikubo, M. Nemoto, T. Kaihara, T. Yamada,
and K. Nishimura. 2000. Observations and simulations of the formation
of the faceted snow crystals in the weak-layer of the 1998 Niseko
Haru no Taki avalanche. Cold Regions Science and Technology,
31(3), 235-247. [Abstract]
Mock, C.J. and K.W. Birkeland. 2000. Snow avalanche climatology
of the western United States Mountain Ranges. Bulletin of
the American Met. Soc., 81(10), 2367-2392. [Abstract]
Rice R., R. Decker, N. Jensen, R. Patterson, and S. Singer. 2000.
Rural intelligent transportation system for snow avalanche detection
and warning. Transportation Res. Record 1700, 17-23.
Sharma, S. S. and A. Ganju. 2000. Complexities of avalanche forecasting
in Western Himalaya - an overview. Cold Regions Science and
Technology, 31(2), 95-102. [Abstract]
Wiesmann, A., C. Fierz, and C. Matzler. 2000. Simulation of
microwave emission from physically modeled snowpacks. Annals
of Glaciology 31, 397-405.
1999
Cold
Regions Science and Technology, Volume 30, No. 1 - Contains
16 peer-reviewed papers from the 1998 International Snow Science
Workshop. Click on the link for a table of contents and
abstracts.
Blöschl, G. 1999. Scaling issues in snow hydrology.
Hydrological Processes, 13(14-15), 2149-2175.
Clarke, J. and D.M. McClung. 1999. Full-depth avalanche occurrences
caused by snow gliding, Coquihalla, British Columbia, Canada.
J. Glaciology, 45(151), 539-546.
Durand, Y., G.Giraud, E. Brun, L. Merindol, and E. Martin. 1999.
A computer-based system simulating snowpack structures as a tool
for regional avalanche forecasting. J. Glaciology, 45(151),
469-484.
Kattlemann, R. and J. Dozier. 1999. Observations of snowpack ripening
in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A. J. Glaciology,
45(151), 409-416.
Keylock, C.J., D. McClung, and M. Magnusson. 1999. Avalanche risk
mapping by simulation. J. Glaciology, 45(150), 303-314.
McClung, D.M. 1999. The encounter probability for mountain slope
hazards. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36(6), 1195-1196.
McClung, D. and J. Schweizer. 1999. Skier triggering, snow
temperatures and the stability index for dry-slab avalanche initiation.
J. Glaciology, 45(150), 190-200.
Steffen, K., W. Abdalati, and I. Sherjal. 1999. Faceted crystal
formation in the northeast Greenland low-accumulation region.
J. Glaciology, 45(149), 63-68.
1998
Annals of Glaciology,
Volume 26 - Contains 70 peer-reviewed papers from the International
Glaciological Society's International Symposium on Snow and Ice,
held in Chamonix, France in May, 1997. Click on the link
for a table of contents.
Arons, E.M., S.C. Colbeck, and J.M.N.T. Gray. 1998. Depth-hoar
growth rates near a rocky outcrop. J. Glaciology, 44(148),
477-484.
Birkeland, K.W. 1998. Terminology and predominant processes associated
with the formation of weak layers of near-surface faceted crystals
in the mountain snowpack. Arctic and Alpine Res., 30(2),
193-199.
Birkeland, K. W., R.F. Johnson, and D.S. Schmidt. 1998. Near-surface
faceted crystals formed by diurnal recrystallization: a case study
of weak layer formation in the mountain snowpack and its contribution
to snow avalanches. Arctic and Alpine Res., 30(2),
200-204.
Holmgren, J., M. Sturm, N. E. Yankielun and G. Koh. 1998. Extensive
measurements of snow depth using FM-CW radar. Cold region Science
and Technology, 27, 17-30.
Liston, G. E. and M. Sturm. 1998. A snow-transport model for complex
terrain. J. Glaciology, 44(148), 498-516.
Louge, M.Y., R.L. Foster, N. Jensen, and R. Patterson. 1998. A
portable capacitance snow sounding instrument. Cold Regions
Science And Technology, 28(2), 73-81.
Rayback, S.A. 1998. A dendrogeomorphological analysis of snow avalanches
in the Colorado Front Range. USA. Physical Geography, 19(6),
502-515.
Schweizer, J. 1998. Skier triggered slab avalanches. Neige et
avalanches, No.82, 2-7, 32.
Sturm, M., K. Morris and R. Massom. 1998. The winter snow cover
of the west Antarctic pack ice: its spatial and temporal variability.
In M. O. Jeffries (eds). Antarctic Sea Ice - Antarctic Research
Series 74. American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C. 1-18.
Sugiura, K., K. Nishimura, N. Maeno, and T. Kimura. 1998. Measurements
of snow mass flux and transport rate at different particle diameters
in drifting snow. Cold Regions Science and Technology,
27(2), 83-89.
1997
Annals of Glaciology,
Volume 25. Contains 89 peer-reviewed papers from the International
Symposium on Representation of the Cryosphere in Climate and Hydrological
Models, held in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, in August
of 1996.
Brandt, R.E. and S.G. Warren. 1997. Temperature measurements
and heat transfer in near-surface snow at the South Pole. J.
Glaciology 43(144), 339-351.
Cline, D.W. 1997. Snow surface energy exchanges and snowmelt at
a continental, midlatitude alpine site. Water Resources Research,
33, 689-701.
Keylock, C. 1997. Snow avalanches. Progress in Physical
Geography 21(4), 481-500.
Louge, M. Y., R. Steiner, S.C. Keast, R. Decker, J.Dent, and M.
Schneebeli. 1997. Application of capacitance instrumentation to
the measurement of density and velocity of flowing snow. Cold
Regions Science and Technology, 25(1), 47-63.
Lundberg, A. 1997. Laboratory calibration of TDR-probes for snow
wetness measurements. Cold Regions Science and Technology,
25(3), 197-205.
Schneebeli, M., M. Laternser, and W. Ammann. 1997. Destructive
snow avalanches and climate change in the Swiss Alps. Eclogae
geol. Helv. 90, 457-461.
Smith, M.J. and D.M. McClung, 1997. Avalanche frequency and
terrain characteristics at Rogers, Pass, British Columbia, Canada.
Journal of Glaciology 43(143), 165-171.
Stein, J., G. Laberge, and D. Lévesque. 1997. Monitoring
the dry density and the liquid water content of snow using time
domain reflectometry (TDR). Cold Regions Science and Technology,
25(2), 123-136.
Sturm, M. and C. S. Benson. 1997. Vapor transport, grain growth
and depth-hoar development in the subarctic snow. Journal of
Glaciology, 43(143), 42-59.
1996
Birkeland, K.W. and C.J. Mock. 1996. Atmospheric circulation patterns
associated with heavy snowfall events, Bridger Bowl, Montana,
U.S.A. Mountain Res. and Dev., 16(3), 281-286.
Cayan, D.R. 1996. Interannual climate variability and snowpack
in the Western United States. J. Climate, 9(5),
928-948.
Lapen, D. R. and L. W. Martz. 1996. An investigation of the spatial
association between snow depth and topography in a Prairie agricultural
landscape using digital terrain analysis. Journal of Hydrology,
184(3-4), 277-298.
Ling, C. H. and E. G. Josbeger. 1996. Mesoscale variability of
the upper Colorado River snowpack. Nordic Hydrology, 27(5),
313-322.
McClung, D. M. 1996. Effects of temperature on fracture in dry
slab avalanche release. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid
Earth, 101(B10), 21907-21920.
Mock, C.J. 1996. Avalanche climatology of Alyeska, Alaska, U.S.A.
Arctic and Alpine Res., 28(4), 502-508.
Moore, R. D. and I. G. McKendry. 1996. Spring snowpack anomaly
patterns and winter climate variability, British Columbia, Canada.
Water Resources Research, 32(3), 623-632.
Nishimura, K. 1996. Viscosity of fluidized snow. Cold Regions
Science and Technology, 24(2), 117-127.
Ozeki, T. and E. Akitaya. 1996. Field observations of sun crust
formation in Hokkaido, Japan. Arctic and Alpine Research,
28(2), 244-248.
Schweizer, J. and P. M. B. Föhn. 1996. Avalanche forecasting
- an expert system approach. Journal of Glaciology, 42(141),
318-332.
Shook, K. and D. M. Gray. 1996. Small-scale spatial structure of
shallow snowcovers. Hydrological processes, 10,
1283-1292.
1995
Birkeland, K.W., K.J. Hansen, and R.L. Brown. 1995. The spatial
variability of snow resistance on potential avalanche slopes.
J. Glaciology, 41(137), 183- 190.
Buisson, L. and G. Giraud. 1995. Two examples of expert knowledge
based systems for avalanche forecasting and protection. Surveys
in Geophysics, 16, 603-619.
Chu, T., G. Hill, D.M. McClung, R Ngun, and R. Sherkat. 1995.
Experiments on granular flows to predict avalanche runup. Canadian
Geotechnical Journal 32, 285-295.
Gürer, I., H. Tunçel, Ö. Murat Yava, T. Erenbilge,
and A. Sayin. 1995. Snow avalanche incidents in north-western
Anatolia, Turkey during December 1992. Natural Hazards,
11, 1-16.
McClung, D. M. 1995. Use of expert knowledge in avalanche forecasting.
Defense Science Journal, 45(2), 117-123.
McClung, D.M. and A.I. Mears, 1995. Dry-flowing avalanche
run-up and run-out. Journal of Glaciology 40(138), 359-372.
Mock, C.J. 1995. Avalanche climatology of the continental zone
in the Southern Rocky Mountains. Phys. Geog., 16(3),
165-187.
Schweizer, J., M. Schneebeli, C. Fierz and P. M. B. Föhn.
1995. Snow mechanics and avalanche formation - field experiments
on the dynamic-response of the snow cover. Surveys in Geophysics,
16(5-6), 621-633.
Sturm, M., J. Holmgren, and G.E. Liston. 1995. A seasonal snow
cover classification system for local to global applications.
J. Climate, 8, 1261-1283.
1994
Conway, H. and R. Benedict. 1994. Infiltration of water into snow.
Water Res. Res. 30(3), 641-649.
Gray, J. M. N. T. and Morland, L. W. 1994. A dry snow pack
model. Cold Regions Sci. Tech. 22, 135-148.
Luckman, B.H., J.A. Matthews, D. McCarroll, and D.P. McCarthy.
1994. Snow avalanche impact landforms: a brief discussion of
terminology. Arctic and Alpine Research 26, 128-129.
Martin, E., E. Brun and Y. Durand. 1994. Sensitivity of the French
Alps snow cover to the variation of climate variables. Annals
Geophysicae, Ser. Atmospheres, Hydrospheres, and Space Sciences,
12(5), 469-477.
Matthews, J.A. and D. McCarroll. 1994. Snow avalanche impact
landforms in Breheimen, southern Norway: origin, age and paleoclimatic
implications. Arctic and Alpine Research 26, 103-115.
McClung, D. M. and J. Tweedy. 1994. Numerical avalanche prediction:
Kootenay Pass, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Glaciology,
40(135), 350-358.
McClung, D. M. 1994. Computer assisted avalanche forecasting. In
K. W. Hipel and L. Fang (eds). Stochastic and Statistical Methods
in Hydrology and Environmental Engineering. 347-358.
Paterson, W. S. B. 1994. The Physics of Glaciers. Pergamon, Oxford.
Smith, D.J., D.P. McCarthy, and B.H. Luckman. 1994. Snow avalanche
impact pools in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Arctic and Alpine
Research 26, 116-127.
1993
Annals of Glaciology,
Volume 18.
Contains 67 peer-reviewed papers from the International Glaciological
Society's International Symposium on Snow and Snow-Related Problems,
held in Nagaoka, Japan in September of 1992.
Bolognesi, R. 1993. NX-LOG: idees directrices. Neige et avalanches,
63, 22-24.
Conway, H. and C. F. Raymond. 1993. Snow stability during rain.
Journal of Glaciology, 39(133), 635-642.
Jamieson, J.B. and C.D. Johnston. 1993. Rutschblock precision,
technique variations and limitations. Journal of Glaciology
39(133), 666-674.
McClung, D.M. and P. Schaerer. 1993. The Avalanche Handbook. The
Mountaineers, Seattle, Washington.
McClung, D. M. and J. Tweedy. 1993. Characteristics of avalanching:
Kootenay Pass, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Glaciology,
39(132), 316-322.
1992
Bader, H. P. and P. Weilenmann. 1992. Modeling temperature distribution,
energy and mass flow in a (phase-changing) snowpack. I. Model
and case studies. Cold Regions Sci. Tech. 20, 157-181.
Barry, R. G. 1992. Mountain Weather and Climate. Routledge: New
York.
Brun, E., P. David M. Sudul and G. Brugnot, G. 1992. A numerical
model to simulate snowcover stratigraphy for operation avalanche
forecasting. J. Glaciology, 38(128), 13-22.
McComb, T.J.L., A.B. Rimmer, M.L.B. Rodgers M.L.B, K.E. Turver,
and A.F. Vickers. 1992. A mathematical model for the prediction
of temperature in a dry snow layer. Cold Regions Science and
Technology. 20(3), 247-259.
Mock, C.J. and P.A. Kay. 1992. Avalanche climatology of the Western
United States, with an emphasis on Alta, Utah. Prof. Geog.,
44(3), 307-318.
Mears, A.I. 1992. Snow-Avalanche Hazard Analysis for Land-Use Planning
and Engineering. Colorado Geological Survey Bulletin 49, Colorado
Department of Natural Resources, Denver, Colorado.
Jamieson, J.B. and C.D. Johnston. 1992. A fracture-arrest
model for unconfined dry slab avalanches. Canadian Geotechnical
Journal 29, 61-66.
Jamieson, J.B. and C.D. Johnston. 1992. Snowpack characteristics
associated with avalanche accidents. Canadian Geotechnical
Journal 29, 862-866.
1991
Colbeck, S. C. 1991. The layered character of snow covers. Rev.
Geophysics, 29(1), 81-96.
Elder, K., J. Dozier and J. Michealsen. 1991. Snow accumulation
and distribution in an alpine watershed. Water Resources Research,
27(7), 1541-1552.
McClung, D.M. and A.I. Mears. 1991. Extreme value prediction of
snow avalanche runout. Cold Regions Science and Technology,
19, 163-175.
1990
Adams, E. E. and R.L. Brown. 1990. A mixture theory for evaluating
heat and mass transport in nonhomogenous snow cover. J. Continuum
Mechanics and Thermodynamics, 2, 31-63.
Bader, H. P. and B. Salm. 1990. On the mechanics of snow slab release.
Cold Regions Science and Technology, 17, 287-300.
Ferguson, S.A., M.B. Moore, R.T. Marriott, and P. Speers-Hayes.
1990. Avalanche weather forecasting at the northwest Avalanche
Center, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.. J. Glaciology, 36,
57-66.
Jaccard, C. 1990. Fuzzy factorial analysis of snow avalanches.
Natural Hazards, 3, 329-340.
Jamieson, J.B. and C.D. Johnston. 1990. In-situ tensile tests
of snowpack layers. J. Glaciology 36(122), 102-106.
Morland, L. W., R.J. Kelly and E.M. Morris. 1990. A mixture theory
for a phase- changing snowpack. Cold Regions Sci. Tech.,
17, 271-285.
Voight, B., B.R. Armstrong, R.L. Armstrong, D. Bowles, R.L. Brown,
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1989
Annals of Glaciology,
Volume 13.
Contains 56 peer-reviewed papers from the Symposium on Snow and
Glacier Research relating to Human Living Conditions, held in
Lom, Norway, in September of 1988.
Adams, E. E. and R.L. Brown. 1989. A constitutive theory for snow
as a continuous multiphase mixture. International J. Multiphase
Flow, 15(4), 553-572.
Brun, E., E. Martin, V. Simon, C. Gendre, and C. Coleou. 1989.
An energy and mass model of snow cover suitable for operational
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Buisson, L. and C. Charlier. 1989. Avalanche starting zone analysis
with an knowledge-based system. Annals of Glaciology, 13,
27-30.
Buser, O. 1989. Two years experience of operational avalanche forecasting
using nearest neighbors method. Annals of Glaciology, 13,
31-34.
Colbeck, S. C. 1989. Snow-crystal growth with varying surface temperatures
and radiation penetration. Journal of Glaciology, 35(119),
23-29.
Gubler, H. and H. P. Bader. 1989. A model of initial failure in
slab-avalanche release. Annals of Glaciology, 13,
90-95.
Hutter, K. 1989. Numerical, analytical and laboratory experimental
studies of granular avalanche studies. Annals of Glaciology,
13, 109-116.
McClung, D.M., A.I. Mears and P. Schaerer. 1989. Extreme avalanche
run-out: data from four mountain ranges. Annals of Glaciology,
13, 180-184.
Mears, A.I. 1989. Regional comparisons of avalanche-profile and
runout data. Arctic and Alpine Research, 21, 283-287.
Uematsu, T., Y. Kaneda, K. Tackeuchi, T. Nakata, and M. Yukumi.
1989. Numerical simulation of snowdrift development. Ann. Glaciology,
13, 265-268.
1988
Conway, H. and J. Abrahamson. 1988. Snow-slope stability - a probabilistic
approach. Journal of Glaciology, 34(117), 170-177.
1987
IAHS Publication 162. Avalanche Formation, Movement, and
Effects. Proceedings of a conference in Davos, Switzerland.
Akitaya, E. and H. Shimizu. 1987. Observations of weak layers
in a snow cover. Low temperature science (Teion kagaku). Series
A Physical sciences, 46, 67-75.
Fitzharris, B.B. 1987. A climatology of major avalanche winters
in western Canada. Atmos.- Ocean, 25, 115-136.
Jones, G. and W. J. Orville-Thomas (editors). 1987. Seasonal Snowcovers:
Physics, Chemistry, Hydrology. NATO Asi Series. Series C, Mathematical
and Physical Sciences, Vol 211. D. Reidel Publishing Company.
McClung, D.M. and K. Lied. 1987. Statistical and geometrical definition
of snow avalanche runout. Cold Regions Science and Technology,
13, 107-119.
1986
Fitzharris, B.B. and S. Bakkehøi. 1986. A synoptic climatology
of major avalanche winters in Norway. J. Climatology.,
6, 431-446.
Hansen, A. C. and R.L. Brown. 1986. The granular structure of snow:
an internal-state variable approach. J. Glaciology, 33(112),
434-438.
Judson, A., R.M. King, and G.E. Brink. 1986. Multi-Basin Avalanche
Simulation: A Model. Cold Regions Science and Technology,
13, 35-47.
Schmidt, R.A. 1986. Transport rate of drifting snow and the mean
wind speed profile. Bound.- Layer Meteor., 34, 213-241.
1985
Buser, O., P. Fohn, W. Good, H. Gubler, and B. Salm. 1985. Different
methods for the assessment of avalanche danger. Cold Regions
Sci. Tech., 10, 199-218.
Butler, D.R. 1985. Vegetational and geomorphic change on snow avalanche
paths, Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A. Great Basin Naturalist,
45, 313-317.
Butler, D.R. and G.P. Malanson. 1985. A history of high-magnitude
snow avalanches, Southern Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A.
Mountain Research and Development, 5, 175-182.
Butler, D.R. and G.P. Malanson. 1985. A reconstruction of snow-avalanche
characteristics in Montana, U.S.A., Using Vegetative Indicators.
Journal of Glaciology, 31, 185-187.
Gubler, H. 1985. Model for dry snow metamorphism by interparticle
vapor flux. J. Geophysical Res., 90(C8), 8081-8092.
Johnson, E.A., L. Hogg and C.S. Carlson. 1985. Snow avalanche frequency
and velocity for the Kananaskis Valley in the Canadian Rockies.
Cold Regions Science and Technology, 10, 141-151.
Judson, A. and R. M. King. 1985. An index of regional snow-pack
stability based on natural slab avalanches. Journal of Glaciology,
31(108), 67-73.
Schemenauer, R. S., P. W. Summer, H. A. Wiebe and K. G. Anlauf.
1985. Spatial and temporal variability of surface snowfall and
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7, 185-190.
1984
Conway, H. and J. Abrahamson. 1984. Snow stability index. J.
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1983
Annals of Glaciology,
Volume 4.
Contains 50 peer-reviewed papers from the Symposium on Applied
Glaciology, held in New Hampshire, USA, in August of 1982.
Adams, E. E. and R.L. Brown. 1983. Metamorphism of dry snow as
a result of temperature gradient and vapor density differences.
Ann. Glaciology, 4, 3-9.
Bakkehoi, S., U. Domaas and K. Lied.1983. Calculation of snow avalanche
runout distance. Annals of Glaciology, 4, 24-29.
Buser, O. 1983. Avalanche forecast with the method of nearest neighbors:
an interactive approach. Cold Regions Science and Technology,
8(2), 155-163.
Colbeck, S. C. 1983. Theory of metamorphism of dry snow. J.
Geophysical Res., 88(C9), 5475-5482.
Dent, J.D. and T.E. Lang. 1983. A biviscous modified Bingham model
for snow avalanche motion. Annals of Glaciology, 4,
42-46
Judson, A. 1983. On the potential use of index paths for avalanche
assessment. Journal of Glaciology, 29(101), 178-184.
Moore, R.D. and M.G. Marcus. 1983. A major avalanche event on Mount
Egmont, Taranaki, New Zealand. New Zealand J. of Geol. and
Geophys., 26, 281-287.
Narita, H. 1983. An experimental study on tensile fracture of snow.
Contrib. Inst. Low Temp. Sci., Ser. A(32), 1-37.
Perla, R. and T.M.H. Beck. 1983. Experience with shear frames.
J. Glaciology, 29(103), 485-491.
Sommerfeld, R. A. 1983. A branch grain theory of temperature gradient
metamorphism in snow. J. Geophysical Res., 88(C2),
1484-1494.
1982
Adams, E. E. and R.L. Brown. 1982. Further results on studies of
temperature gradient metamorphism. J. Glaciology, 18(98),
205-210.
Lang, T.E. and J.D. Dent. 1982. Review of surface friction, surface
resistance, and flow of snow. Reviews of Geophysics and Space
Physics, 20, 21-37.
1981
Carrara, P.E. 1981. The determination of snow avalanche frequency
through tree-ring analysis and historical records at Ophir, Colorado.
Geological Society of America Bulletin, 90, 773-780.
Gray, D. M. and D. H. Dale. 1981. Handbook of Snow. Pergamon, Ontario,
Canada.
McClung, D. M. 1981. Fracture mechanical models of dry slab avalanche
release. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86(B11),
10783-10790.
1980
Journal of Glaciology,Volume
26, No. 94 - Contains 46 peer-reviewed papers from the Symposium
on Snow in Motion, Fort Collins, Colorado, August 1979.
Colbeck, S. C. and G. D. Ashton. 1980. Dynamics of Snow and Ice
Masses. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA.
McNulty, D. and B.B. Fitzharris. 1980. Winter avalanche activity
and weather in a Canterbury alpine basin. New Zealand J. of
Geol. and Geophys., 23, 103-111.
Obled, C. and W. Good. 1980. Recent developments of avalanche forecasting
by discriminant analysis technique: methodological review and
some applications to the Parsenn area (Davos, Switzerland).
Annals of Glaciology, 25(92), 315-345.
1979
Butler, D.R. 1979. Snow avalanche path terrain and vegetation,
Glacier National Park, Montana. Arctic and Alpine Research,
11, 17-32.
McClung, D.M. 1979. Shear fracture precipitated by strain
softening as a mechanism of dry slab avalanche release. J.
Geophysical Research 84(B7), 3519-3526.
1978
Gubler, H. 1978. An alternate statistical interpretation of the
strength of snow. J. Glaciology, 20(83), 343-357.
Perla, R.I. and M. Martinelli, Jr. 1978. Avalanche Handbook. U.S.
Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook
489.
1977
Journal of Glaciology,
Volume 19, No.81 - Contains 46 peer-reviewed papers from a
Symposium on Applied Glaciology, Cambridge, England, September
1976.
Bradley, C. C., Brown, R. L., and Williams, T. 1977. On depth hoar
and the strength of snow. J. Glaciology, 18(78),
145-147.
Perla, R.I. 1977. Slab avalanche measurements. Canadian Geotechnical
J., 14(2), 206-213.
1976
Bovis, M.J. and A.I. Mears. 1976. Statistical prediction of snow
avalanche runout from terrain variables in Colorado. Arctic
and Alpine Research, 8(1), 115-120.
Fitzharris, B.B. 1976. An avalanche event in the seasonal snow
zone of the Mount Cook region, New Zealand. New Zealand J.
of Geol. and Geophys., 19(4), 449-462.
1975
Caine, N. 1975. An elevational control of peak snowpack variability.
Water Resources Bulletin, 11(3), 613-621.
Kry, P. R. 1975. Quantitative stereological analysis of grain bonds
in snow. J. Glaciology, 14(72), 467-477.
1972
Trabant, D., and C. Benson. 1972. Field experiments on the development
of depth hoar. Mem. Geological Soc. Am., 135, 309-322.
1970
Bradley, C.C. 1970. The location and timing of deep slab avalanches.
J. Glaciology., 9(56), 253-261.
Perla, R.I. 1970. On contributory factors in avalanche hazard evaluation.
Canadian Geotechnical J., 7, 414-419.
Perla, R. I. and E. R. LaChapelle. 1970. A theory of snow slab
failure. Journal of Geophysical Research, 75(36),
7619-7627.
1969
Potter, N. Jr. 1969. Tree ring dating of snow avalanche tracks
and the geomorphic activity of avalanches in the Northern Absaroka
Mountains, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Special Paper,
123, 141-165.
1968
Bradley, C.C. 1968. The resistogram and the compressive strength
of snow. J. Glaciology, 7(51), 499-506.
1963
de Quervain, M. 1963. On the metamorphism of snow. Ice and Snow:
Properties, Processes, and Applications, edited by W. D. Kingery,
MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
1962
Giddings, J. C. and E. LaChapelle. 1962. The formation rate of
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1954
Atwater, M. M. 1954. Snow avalanches. Scientific American,
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